The visual test is the most basic and widely used inspection method for detecting defects and shape deviations in products. This inspection should always precede all other non-destructive tests.

To ensure a quality visual inspection, it is essential to have a thorough knowledge of the design of the equipment to be inspected, the production technology, possible types of defects and their causes. The success of this method relies primarily on the experience of the person performing the inspection, as well as on suitable conditions – sufficient lighting, correct viewing angle and the possible use of magnification aids.

Due to its simplicity, speed and low cost, visual inspection is a key first step in the product quality assessment process.

Ultrasonic defectoscopy is one of the most widely used methods of non-destructive testing (NDT) and is used to detect internal surface defects in materials such as cracks, delaminations or duplications. It also allows accurate measurement of wall thickness. This method is universal and can be used on both metallic and non-metallic materials. Due to its high sensitivity and accuracy, it is widely used in industries such as engineering, aerospace, energy and construction.

Ultrasonic thickness measurement is a non-destructive method for accurately determining the thickness of various materials such as metals, plastics, glass and composites. Due to its reliability and non-invasiveness, it is widely used in industrial production, quality control, maintenance of piping systems, pressure vessels, ship hulls or aircraft structures.

Ultrasonic testing (PAUT) is an advanced non-destructive testing method that allows detailed analysis of the internal structure of materials. PAUT probes contain multiple piezoelectric elements that can be activated individually. Thanks to computer-controlled pulse timing, the ultrasonic beam can be more precisely focused which significantly increases the sensitivity and accuracy of defect detection. This technology not only improves inspection reliability but also increases inspection efficiency, making it widely applicable in industries such as aerospace, energy and welded fabrication.

The ultrasonic TOFD (Time of Flight Diffraction) method is used to detect internal defects in the material. It is based on the capture of diffraction waves that are generated when an ultrasonic signal hits a material interface. The test is performed using a pair of probes that move along the weld. The movement of the probes is recorded by an encoder and the results are stored for later analysis.

TOFD is most commonly used to inspect welds, but it is also suitable for base materials, for example to monitor creep damage in steam piping. The main advantage of this method is the ability to accurately display defects in the weld side view and independence of their orientation. Unlike the conventional ultrasonic pulsed echo method, which only captures reflected waves, TOFD records diffraction waves propagating in all directions, thus providing higher detection reliability.

It can also be combined with the method PAUT, allowing a more comprehensive weld analysis in a single record.

Magnetic testing is one of the most widely used non-destructive methods for inspecting surface and near-surface defects. This method is only effective on ferromagnetic materials where it can detect cracks, cold joints and other defects that disturb the magnetic flux. The principle is to magnetize the test object and apply ferromagnetic powder, which collects at the discontinuities and makes the defects visible. Due to its reliability and simplicity, magnetic testing is widely used in the automotive, aerospace and engineering industries.

The capillary method is a widespread non-destructive surface test that reveals defects such as cracks or pores. It uses the capillary effect to allow the detection fluid to penetrate the defects.

It is suitable for magnetic and non-magnetic, metallic and non-metallic materials. Due to its high sensitivity, it is used in aerospace, automotive and pressure vessel applications where safety and reliability are key.

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The method is based on creating a pressure difference between the inside and outside of the object and then observing the formation of bubbles in the liquid deposited on the side with the lower pressure. The minimum detectable leakage by this method depends on the magnitude of the pressure difference, the type of gas used and the properties of the liquid applied to the surface to be tested.

HTT-hardness testing

Hardness is one of the key mechanical properties of materials, especially metals, and plays a vital role in engineering practice. Its importance lies primarily in the fact that it can be determined quickly, economically and even on very small components. In addition, other important material properties such as tensile strength, machinability or wear resistance can be derived from the measured hardness. Hardness is tested either on standardised samples or directly on finished products using modern digital hardness testers that enable accurate and reliable measurements.

PMI – Spectrometric analysis

The main objective of metal spectral analysis is to accurately determine the chemical composition of the material and to verify the conformity of the metal materials used in the structures. This method is mainly used for quality control, identification of impurities and ensuring the required mechanical properties of materials.